10.2024/2150704x.2024.2120780. Surface water is a fundamental component of the earth’s ecosystem, essential for ecological balance, domestic, and industrial needs. Artificial intelligence (ai) has achieved a remarkable place in solving complex problems in almost all disciplines.

Download a citation file in ris format that can be imported by citation management software including endnote, procite, refworks and reference manager. Aiming at the problems of road fracture and detail loss caused by not considering the geometric features in the road extraction method.